Minerals and Trace Elements,Iron,Zinc and Growth,Iodine Deficiency

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Nutrition in Children

Micronutrients Articles

Role of Micronutrient in Diet of Preschooler

NUTRITION IN CHILDREN

Micronutrients in Children

Role of Micronutrients in Diet of Preschooler

Micronutrient Status of Children in India

Micronutrient Supplementation and it's Effect on Children

Micronutrients Vitamin B complex

Micronutrients Vitamin C and Vitamin D

Calcium and phosphorus in diet

Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in children

Community Level Micronutrient Deficiency in Preschoolers

Micronutrients: Vitamin A, E and K

Immunity and Growth of Children

Nutrition For Healthy Growth and Immunity

Nutrition and Brain Development

Nutrition and Infections

Dietary Inadequacy in First Three Years of Life

Feeding guidelines for infants and young children in India

Prebiotics for Children

Prebiotics & Probiotics And Gut Health in Children

Prebiotics and Probiotics for Healthy Children

Role of probiotics in children

Role of prebiotics in children

Prebiotics and probiotic combinations in children

DHA in children

DHA Need and Importance During Growing Period

Malnutrition in children

Problems of Malnutrition in India among Children

Adult Onset Diseases and Malnutrition

Nutrition In Indian Urban Children

Malnutrition Among Preschoolers

Nutrition Growth Charts

Length/Height for age

Subscapular skin fold thickness

Triceps skin fold thickness

ROLE OF MICRONUTRIENTS IN THE DIET OF A PRESCHOOLER FOR HEALTHY HEIGHT AND WEIGHT

Role of Micronutrients in Diet of Preschooler

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Relevant Topics

Micronutrients Introduction

Role of Vitamin A,D,B6 on Growth

Minerals & Trace Elements

Iron & growth
Iron containing compounds in the body serve metabolic or enzymatic functions or are used for storage. Hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes are common iron containing compounds.

When iron reserves such as ferritin and hemosiderin are depleted, iron deficiency results in anemia. Iron deficiency in young children leads to delay in acquisition of cognitive skills and development.⁽³⁾

Zinc & growth
Zinc deficiency leads to slowly of growth (particularly affecting the lean tissue compartment), acrodermatitis enteropathica, impaired immune function and diarrhea.⁽⁷⁾ Subclinical zinc deficiency is extremely common in resource-poor countries and is associated with stunting. Supplementation with zinc is associated with improved growth and reduced diarrheal disease morbidity.⁽³⁾

Iodine deficiency
Iodine deficiency in children can lead to impaired thyroxine synthesis leading to problems ranging from mild cognitive impairment to cretinism, delayed bone age, growth impairment and neurological deficits.⁽³⁾ Treatment after clinical symptoms may not reverse these changes and thus prevention of iodine deficiency is essential. Fortification of table salt with iodine (iodized salt) is the most commonly employed means to prevent iodine deficiency.

Other trace elements such as copper deficiency can cause anemia and fractures; selenium deficiency can cause cardiomyopathy but these deficiencies are extremely rare.⁽³⁾ Calcium deficiency can lead to rickets if the diet is poor in intake of dairy products or other sources of calcium which in turn causes poor mineralization of bones and suboptimal linear growth. Phosphorus deficiency is rare as phosphorus is present in all food items. Phosphorus deficiency occurs associated with diseases that lead to malabsorption and leads to rickets. Chromium deficiency leads to impaired glucose tolerance, peripheral neuropathy and encephalopathy. Fluoride deficiency can cause dental caries. Molybdenum deficiency and manganese deficiency have been reported in patients on parenteral nutrition or highly unusual diets in few case reports.

Molybdenum deficiency can cause tachycardia, tachypnea, night blindness and irritability whereas manganese deficiency can cause weight loss and hypercholesterolemia.⁽⁹⁾

Conclusion

Thus apart from adequate proteins and calorie intake for adequate growth, intake of micronutrients is essential to maintain optimum linear growth as well as healthy weight and to maintain proper functioning of various tissues and organs.

References

1.		Nutrient Requirements and Recommendations. British Nutrition Foundation, 2004.
2.		Unicef. Available on url: http://www.unicef.org. Accessed on 12th February 2009.
3.		Williams AF. Pediatric Nutrition. In : Gibney MJ, Elia M, Ljungqvist O, Dowsett J (eds). Clinical Nutrition. Blackwell science. Oxford. 2006;379-427.
4.		Male L et al. Nutritional and household risk factors for xerophthalmia in Aceh, Indonesia : a case-control study. American J Clin Nutrition. 1991;53:1460-1465.
5.		Hadi H et al. Vitamin A supplementation selectively improves the linear growth of Indonesian preschool children : results from a randomized controlled trial. American J Clin Nutrition. 2000;71:507-513.
6.		Muhilal et al. Vitamin-A fortified monosodium glutamate and health, growth and survival of children : a controlled field trial. American J Clinical Nutrition. 1988;48:1271-1276.
7.		Butte NF, Lopez-Alarcon MG, Garza C. World Health Organization (WHO). Nutrient Adequacy of exclusive breast feeding for the term infant during the first six months of life. 2002, Genzeva.
8.		Heiskanen K et al. Low vitamin B6 status associated with slow growth in healthy breast-fed infants. Pediatric Research. 1995;38:740-746.
9.		Greenbaum LA. Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies. In : Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, Stanton BF (eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. Vol.1, 16th ed. Philadelphia, Saunders, 2007; 265-266.

Last updated: 1st May 2009 . Copyrighted Pediatric Oncall

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